wallaaa,,,,

believe if there is a will of course there is a way,,,!!!


Jumat, 20 April 2012

discourse assigment


PUTRI NILAM R
a320090248

 Cohesion found on DA assignment :

1. Supported by complete and good facilities make this school rather expensive because it also promises the good management on its education.
            It as substitution, and replace suporting by completing and good facilities.

2. Indonesia has pesantren as education system (Islamic boarding house models). It is classified into two models.
            It as substitution and replace the word pesantren.

3. First Traditional, it does not collect the payment from the students and students can stay and study freely.
           
4. First Traditional, it does not collect the payment from the students and students can stay and study freely. They study about Islamic science for the sake of individual and public.
            They as reference and explain the word students.

5. Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students


6. Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students. They do not only study about Islam but also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art.

7. Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students. They do not only study about Islam but also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art.

            Other science as a whole of science, and the part such biology, mathematics, etc.

8. Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students. They do not only study about Islam but also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art. They are prepared to face the era that
always changes.

9. To get the good education with their equipment of facility they perform forced the citizen get dealing with power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children

10. To get the good education with their equipment of facility they perform forced the citizen get dealing with power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children

11. Government and private sector individually and group have big homework to repair their education inspect that aims on making organization of education.

12. Citizens should get competent education. Education is responsibility by government and the side of private sector individual and group.
            The word education here as lexical cohesion called repetition, because the word is said twice in the pasasge.

13. The writer says that the poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education

14. The writer says that the poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education. I think that this statement is true.

15. Education is responsibility by government and the side of private sector individual and group

16. Because of limited cost, the government opens the opportunity for public to participate and develop business education such as; building opening schools, courses, or skill education with facilities more complete and better than government schools.

17. Without already realized the friction that could be happened from motivation of organizer and management of existing education

18. To get good education with equipment of facility they perform to force the citizen get the power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for rich man children

19. Because of limited cost, the government opens the opportunity for public to participate and develop business education such as; building opening schools, courses, or skill education with facilities more complete and better than government schools.

20. Supported by complete and good facilities make this school rather expensive because it also promises the good management on its education.

21. Modern pesantren collects the payment of the students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students

22. He says that the education not only managed by government, but also the society has contribution to build education together, about how they create good education, both the facilities, system and soon

From the data above we can classify into several kinds of cohesion:
(a)Referential cohesion: Data number (4,6,8,9,10,11,13)
(b)Lexical cohesion: metonymy: (7)
(c)Lexical cohesion: repetition: (12)
(d)Substitution: (1, 2, 3,14)
(e)Conjunction: (15 – 22)


DISCOURSE ASSIGNMENT 3
(1)
a. The objective of A’s utterance could be that A wants to confirm whether or not suspect’s name is John Smith. However B’s utterance doesn’t match with adjency pairs of A’s one. B counters the utterance with irritated expression   
b. Place: on the court, Scene: formal, Participants: A (john Smith; suspect) and B (The judge), Ends: the objectives are explained above, Act sequences: Suspect came to the court, Judge open the court, Judge ask suspect, Keys: Serious, Instrumentalities: Spoken standard language, Norms: Suspect must give respect to the court, Genres: Conversation
(2)
Language and Marriage, both of them involves the rules which is regulate individual behavior through a system of social and it’s also can be seen as mediators or means for individuals to form or get connected to society.
(5)
The objective of A’s utterance actually wasn’t intended to give any information however A’s utterance more on performing good manners or politeness on. The B’s utterance is also neither intended to answer nor asking back to gain the information, but of course it was to give respond to the A’s utterance as one of good manners act too.
The effect of A’s utterance was A and B can get connected although in a short conversation.
Phatic Communion: The conversation of A and B is one kind of good manners conversation which is intended to perform a communion between the passengers. 
(6)
The difference is De Beaugrande’s idea believe that context related to the environment around the text or the spoken data, however, Leech states that context is related with the interpretation of listener which is constructed from each background knowledge both speaker and listener.
(8)
A’s utterance use declarative sentence to warn B not to smoke, while B counters it with question which the objective could be that he wanted to say that he didn’t smoke yet which express irritated feeling/expression..
The effect of A’s directive meaning makes B felt a bit irritated and cancel his intention to smoke.
Setting : In the train, Scene: formal, Participants: A (The conductor), B (The Passenger), Ends: The goals of each utterances are described above, Act Sequences: A came into the train, The train start moving, A wanted to light a cigarette in no-smoking area, Conductor warn him, Keys: Serious, Instrumentalities: Spoken Language,  Norms: rule must be obeyed, Genres: Conversation.     


Minggu, 08 April 2012

SECOND DA TASK
PUTRI NILAM R / A320090248

08/04/12

Taken from The Jakarta Post, Wednesday, March 16. 2011
1)        Commuters prefer staying in town to battling traffic
It appears Jakarta’s ever-worsening traffic and the high cost of commuting is prompting some commuting Jakartans to stay in the center of town, separated from their loved ones.
Ardy Putra, a consultant with a family living in Sunter, North Jakarta, stays in a rented room in Sudirman, Central Jakarta. He said he made the move to reduce his commuting costs and avoid the terrible snarls on the roads to downtown Jakarta. “I decided to rent a room at a boarding house in Sudirman a year ago so I could save time and money”. He told The Jakarta Post recently. The 30-year-old Ardy said that from the rented room he only had to walk 10 minutes to get to his office. “Imagine if I had to leave everyday from my house in Sunter, it might take one or two hours to get here,” he said. The move to Sudirman actually may not have reduced his overall cost of living, but it has saved him a lot of time, Ardy said. “At least I don’t get old on the street,” he said. Traffic in the city is a major headache for the majority of Jakartans.
As of December 2010, there were more than 11 million vehicles in Jakarta: 9 million motorbikes, 3 million cars and 63.000 vehicles for public transportation. According to one’s estimation, 1.500 new motorcycles and more than 500 new cars are introduced to city’s streets every day. It has been predicted that by some time in 2011 there will be 12 million privately owned vehicles clogging the capital’s roads. Experts have warned that total gridlock could occur by 2014 if the rate of vehicle ownership continuous at current rates.
Traffic in Jakarta is said to cost the city between Rp. 281 trillion (US$3 billion) and Rp. 46 trillion. The motorious congestion also causes losses of at least Rp. 9,7 trillion because of lost productivity, while looses related to health reached Rp. 5,8 trillion and public transportation owners suffered Rp. 1,9 trillion in losses.
Vera Y.S., an employee at a private company in Central Jakarta, said she decided to rent near her office in Karet because she had given up after the traffic seemed to get worse by the day. “My family lives in Cinere, Depok, which is actually not too far from Jakarta but you know I had to spent four and a half hours each day to drive to and from my office. I was exhausted from just driving to and from the city,” she said. Four years ago she decided that enough was enough and moved into a boarding house near her office. The move was simply to save time and money, she said. She is single after all. But the money Vera saves from her shorter commute goes to financing the high cost of living in downtown Jakarta. “This is like a cross subsidy,” she said. For others, money is not an issue.
Alfian, who rents a room in Kebon Kacang, Central jakarta, said he was not really concerned about saving money living in downtown Jakarta. “I am more concerned with the energy that I can save compared with if I go on living in Depok,” he said. It now takes only 15 minutes of walking for him to get to the office, and living in downtown also offers a lot of perks, Alfian said. “Jakarta certainly has more places to hang out than Depok,” he said.   –JP/Irawaty Wardany-

Cohesion analysis:
1.      Substitution
a.       Imagine if I had to leave everyday from my house in Sunter, it might take one or two hours to get here.
-          The word “it” replace the sentence before.
b.      According to one’s estimation, 1.500 new motorcycles and more than 500 new cars are introduced to city’s streets every day. It has been predicted that by some time in 2011 there will be 12 million privately owned vehicles clogging the capital’s roads. Experts have warned that total gridlock could occur by 2014 if the rate of vehicle ownership continuous at current rates.
-          The word “it” refers to the sentence before.
2.      Ellipsis
a.       Traffic in the city is a major headache for the majority of Jakartans.
-          Jakartans here means as the whole people who lived in Jakarta.
b.      Ardy Putra, a consultant with a family living in Sunter, North Jakarta, stays in a rented room in Sudirman, Central Jakarta. He said he made the move to reduce his commuting costs and avoid the terrible snarls on the roads to downtown Jakarta.
-          He refers to the Ardy Putra.
c.        The move to Sudirman actually may not have reduced his overall cost of living,
-          Sudirman here means as the room which is rented by his family.
3.      Reference
a.       As of December 2010, there were more than 11 million vehicles in Jakarta: 9 million motorbikes, 3 million cars and 63.000 vehicles for public transportation.
-          here we know that vehicles in Jakarta support by example of it, there are motorbikes, cars, and public transportation.
4.      Conjunction
a.       The move to Sudirman actually may not have reduced his overall cost of living, but it has saved him a lot of time, Ardy said.
-          But as conjunction that is explained contradicty between two clauses.
b.      he said. It now takes only 15 minutes of walking for him to get to the office, and living in downtown also offers a lot of perks, Alfian said.
-          And here means as conjunction which is show the same position between two clauses. Or the same meaning in the sentence.

Rabu, 28 Maret 2012

PUTRI NILAM RAHMATIN
A320090248

ANALYSIS COHESION AND DEIXIS IN JAKARTA POST'S ARTICLE
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS TASK
FIRST TASK

1. Definition of discourse study according to David Nunan
- Discourse study is a study which is learn about the contextual meaning of the word or text. the meaning is widely depend on the factors that support the meaning.

Global Warming (GW) is one of today's most popular issues and the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change held in Bali last year was an example of how seriously the matter is being taken.
GW has many impacts, including on sovereignty, especially when it causes sea-levels to encroach on small islands, maritime jurisdictions and international maritime boundaries.
Indonesia is an archipelagic state with more than 17,000 islands. According to Presidential Regulation no. 78/2005, of those islands 92 are considered small. These small islands include several outlying islands that offer Indonesia strategic value.
These outlying islands are used as reference points for defining various maritime jurisdictions, including territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones and continental shelves.
The islands also serve to demarcate maritime boundaries shared with ten neighboring states: India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Australia and Timor Leste.
The UN revealed that during the 20th century, global temperatures increased by up to 0.740 degrees Celsius. If carbon dioxide concentrations reach 550 parts per million, temperatures will likely increase on average by 2-4.50 Celsius, resulting in an average global temperature of 30 Celsius.
Also to consider are the effects of the melting polar ice caps which, during the 20th Century, led to a 17 cm rise in sea-levels. It has been predicted sea-levels will rise in the range of 28-58 cm throughout the 21st century (UN, 2007).
One of the impacts of this is the submergence of small islands or low-land areas. Low-lying South Pacific nations, such as Kiribati and Vanuatu, for example, are sinking beneath the waves.
While this may seem disastrous, Indonesia is predicted to lose around 2,000 islands by 2030 due to GW. This prediction has been affirmed by Prof. Indroyono Susilo of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Kompas.com, Feb. 27, 2008) and the head of Yogyakarta Bureau of Meteorology and Geophysics (MBG) (Antara, May 23, 2007).
Murjaya stated sea levels could increase by up to 29 cm before 2030. At least 2,000 islands in Indonesia are less then 29 cm in height.
Even though the number of endangered islands cannot be easily estimated, the potential of their loss is obvious.
The submergence of small outlying islands will result in lost reference points, thus influencing the status and extent of Indonesia's maritime area. This, therefore, is a serious issue that could threaten sovereignty and sovereign rights.
Although we should be aware of GW and its effects, certain areas must be defined to avoid misunderstanding. For example, an island must be universally defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea article 121, which states that an island is naturally formed, surrounded by water, and above sea level during high tide.
The last criterion, which depends on sea tide observations, concerns geodesy and hydrography. Without precise data on sea tides and island heights in Indonesia, we cannot determine the numbers of islands sinking due to GW. It is even difficult to discern which objects are islands and which are not.
So what does GW have to do with international maritime borders? Changes in sea-levels can alter coast-lines and the maritime boundaries they define.
As an archipelagic nation, Indonesia is threatened by GW and authorities need to take preventative action to protect its borders.
The question is: how can we fight GW? Can this global phenomenon be influenced on an individual level?
While cutting down on energy-use seems the most obvious solution, this measure lies not in the power of ordinary people, but in the hands of those few in positions of power in our society.
However, the small things we can do will still have an impact. Taufik Ismail wrote that we might not be able to be banyan trees, but we could be bushes around a lake. We can also be grass, which may neither be strong or tall, but still serves to strengthen river banks.
What small thing have you done to fight GW today?
COHESSION ANALYSIS:
1.      Substitution:
a.       GW has many impacts, including on sovereignty, especially when it causes sea-levels to encroach on small islands, maritime jurisdictions and international maritime boundaries.
-          The word “It” on the sentence replace the word “Global Warming.”
b.      The islands also serve to demarcate maritime boundaries shared with ten neighboring states: India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Australia and Timor Leste.
-          The phrase “Ten neighboring states” replace the countries such as India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Australia and Timor Leste.
c.       Indonesia is predicted to lose around 2,000 islands by 2030 due to GW. This prediction has been affirmed by Prof. Indroyono Susilo of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Kompas.com, Feb. 27, 2008) and the head of Yogyakarta Bureau of Meteorology and Geophysics (MBG) (Antara, May 23, 2007).
-          So from the sentence above, we know that “This Prediction” replace the bold sentence before.
2.      Ellipsis
a.       Those islands 92 are considered small. These small islands include several outlying islands that offer Indonesia strategic value.
3.      Reference
a.      This prediction has been affirmed by Prof. Indroyono Susilo of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Kompas.com, Feb. 27, 2008) and the head of Yogyakarta Bureau of Meteorology and Geophysics (MBG) (Antara, May 23, 2007).
4.      Conjucntion
-          Prof. Indroyono Susilo of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Kompas.com, Feb. 27, 2008) and the head of Yogyakarta Bureau of Meteorology and Geophysics (MBG) (Antara, May 23, 2007).
-          Even though the number of endangered islands cannot be easily estimated, the potential of their loss is obvious.
-          this measure lies not in the power of ordinary people, but in the hands of those few in positions of power in our society.
-          Although we should be aware of GW and its effects, certain areas must be defined to avoid misunderstanding.
Deixis analysis
1.      Personal deixis
a.       How can we fight GW? Can this global phenomenon be influenced on an individual level?
-          The sentence asked about the way to fight GW, but implicitly it has meaning to give warning for us about the impact of GW. The word we means all of human being in the world, including of the readers.
b.      What small thing have you done to fight GW today?
-          The sentence above actually to ask about something that we should do to fight the GW, but the other meaning to persuade us to make change in our habit to againt the GW.
2.      Discourse deixis
a.       The article actually tell to us about the development of global warming in the world, the effect, and the danger to human life. So with this aryicle writer aims to persuade reader to correct theirself, about what should the thing that we do to reduce the effect of global warming.